Considerations Related to EASA Aircraft Flight Manual and Supplements, presented by Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com

Introduction

The International Civil Aviation Organisation's (ICAO) Annex 8 requires that each aircraft be provided with a flight manual, placards, or other document stating the approved limitations within which the aircraft is considered airworthy as defined by the appropriate airworthiness requirements, additional instructions, and information necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

An Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) is part of the type design as required by the type certification basis that the aircraft was originally certificated to.

       »  In some cases the original certification requirements are changed by a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC), mandating the provision of an AFM even though the original type certification basis did not require the provision of an AFM.
       »  All AFMs are identified by a part number like any other critical part of the aircraft.
       »  The primary source for identifying the AFM applicable to a particular aircraft is the Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).

Easy Access Rules for Airworthiness and Environmental Certification (Regulation (EU) No 748/2012)
Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com reviews the control process and available data supporting OSD.

 Introduction

The EC published on 27 January 2014 a new requirement in certification - “Operational Suitability Data” (OSD), mandating that aircraft manufacturers, including those building helicopters, submit data EASA considers important for safe operations.

OSD covers the following:

       »  Pilot training,
       »  Maintenance Staff Qualification
       »  Simulator Qualification
       »  The master minimum equipment list (MMEL);
       »  (Possibly other areas, depending on the aircraft’s systems.)

Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com considers typical emergency scenarios together with recommended mitigations.

Please do consult with your own operations procedures regarding specific requirements in the event of an emergency situation.

Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com considers typical aircraft ground De-Icing /Anti-icing procedures

Introduction

The necessary inspections and communications can be made beforehand at the gate whereas, at remote/centralised de-icing, the necessary information must be informed to the de-icing crew in another way (e.g. coordinator communication).

The determining of the need for de/anti-icing can be made by other qualified persons, not necessary the de-icing crew.

An aeroplane shall not be dispatched after a de-icing/anti-icing operation until the aeroplane has received the following visual check by a trained and qualified person.

      »  This check shall cover wings, horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer, and fuselage.
       »  This check shall also include any other parts of the aeroplane on which a de-icing/anti-icing treatment was performed according to the requirements identified during the contamination check.
       »  The check shall be performed from points offering sufficient visibility of all prescribed surfaces (e.g. from the de-icer itself or other equipment suitable for gaining access).

Review by Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com

Considering the Risks Associated with Aircraft De-Icing / Anti-icing Risk

Risks Associated with De-Icing / Anti-icing Process include

» Risks to the Person

o   Accident using the Equipment

o   Health & Safety to the Person related to the Chemicals Used

SofemaOnline (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com looks at Aircraft De-Icing /Anti-Icing Basic Criteria

Introduction

De-icing Fluids are typically ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol-based fluids containing water, corrosion inhibitors, wetting agents, and dye.

Anti-icing Fluids are similar in composition except that they also contain polymeric thickeners. They are formulated to prevent the formation of unabsorbed frozen contamination for a longer period of time than de-icing fluids; however, the protection is still for a limited period of time. (refer to “Hold Over Time” for details related to useful time availability.)

 Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com Considers best-practice behaviours to improve the effectiveness of your Aviation Quality System.

 Introduction: Let’s start by considering the composition of an EASA/GCAA compliant Quality System.

       »  The first comment to make is that there are actually 2 distinct elements as shown below:

           o   Quality Control - In just a few words this measures the organisation's ability to comply with the rules and deliver the production process in an effective way involving process procedures, management, competence, training, and effective culture and behavior.
           o   Quality Assurance - Again, in a nutshell, the QA process is intended to “ensure’ the effectiveness of the QC process by means of independent assessment (means the assessor is not part of the delivery of the product)

Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com – considers the various techniques which can be employed to ensure an effective compliance audit

Introduction EASA OPS Regulation 965/2012 

The issue of OPS regulation 965/2012 moved the emphasis of EASA driven organizational systems further in the direction of assessing compliance related to performance. With adjustments to the audit schedule to include additional attention being given to the effectiveness of the business processes.

SofemaOnline (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com Considers Aspects of Aircraft Ground Icing & the potential for Performance Degradation.

Introduction - There is no such thing as an insignificant amount of ice.

As we understand any roughness on an aerodynamic surface (caused by ice, snow, or frost) is likely to disrupt the airflow over the lift and control surfaces of an aircraft.

Frost, ice, or snow formations on an aircraft may decrease the lift and alter the stall and handling characteristics. Aircraft may become airborne in ground effect but be unable to climb.

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Sofema Aviation Services (SAS) considers key aspects of the EASA Part 21 Certification Process

Definitions

Product - shall mean “an aircraft, an engine or a propeller”

Parts - shall mean “any element of a product, as defined by that product's type design”

Appliances - shall mean any “non-installed equipment”, i.e. “any instrument, equipment, mechanism, apparatus, appurtenance, software, or accessory carried on

Review by SofemaOnline (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com

Introduction

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/897 of 12 March 2019 - Inclusion of Risk-Based Compliance Verification in Annex I and the Implementation of Requirements for Environmental Protection

• In accordance with Article 83 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139, the Agency itself, or through national aviation authorities or qualified entities, is to carry out investigations necessary for the performance of its certification tasks.
• The Agency assesses the applications but it is not required to carry out an exhaustive investigation in all cases pursuant to Article 83 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139.

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Introduction by Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com

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The following abbreviated notes provide a summary of the key events related to the EASA Type Certification Process.

Type Certification

 A type certificate is an approval made by a regulatory authority that an aircraft is manufactured according to an approved design, and that the design ensures compliance with airworthiness requirements.

• The type certificate (TC) implies that the aircraft is manufactured according to the approved design and can be issued an Airworthiness Certificate.
• To meet airworthiness requirements, the aircraft, related products (engine and propeller), parts, and appliances must be approved.
• Within the European Union (EU), implementation rules for type certification are laid down by the Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 of 3 August 2012.

Note - A Type Certificate is not an Airworthiness Certificate.

Sofema Online (SOL) (www.sofemaonline.com) considers the key elements related to the EASA Type Certificate & Restricted Type Certificate

Introduction

Requirements for the issuance of a type certificate or restricted type certificate - Ref 21.A.21(EU) 2019/897)

In order to be issued a product type certificate or, when the aircraft does not meet the essential requirements of Annex II to Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 an aircraft restricted type certificate, the applicant shall:

• Demonstrate its capability in accordance with point 21.A.14
• Comply with point 21.A.20
• Demonstrate that the engine and propeller, if installed in the aircraft:

° Have a type-certificate issued or determined in accordance with this Regulation; or
° Have been demonstrated to be in compliance with the aircraft type-certification basis established and the environmental protection requirements designated and notified by the Agency as necessary to ensure the safe flight of the aircraft

Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com looks at the requirements related to compliance with EASA Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 Part 21 Subpart H 21.A.171 Scope.

Introduction

Airworthiness Certificates are issued in accordance with 21.A.172 Eligibility

       » Any natural or legal person under whose name an aircraft is registered or will be registered in a Member State (‘Member State of registry’), or its representative, shall be eligible as an applicant for an airworthiness certificate for that aircraft under this Subpart. 21.A.173 Classification.

Airworthiness certificates shall be classified as follows:

       » Certificates of airworthiness shall be issued to aircraft which conform to a type certificate that has been issued in accordance with this Annex I (Part 21);
       » Restricted certificates of airworthiness shall be issued to aircraft:

  o   Which conform to a restricted type-certificate that has been issued in accordance with this Annex I (Part 21); or
  o   Which have been shown to the Agency to comply with specific airworthiness specifications ensuring adequate safety. 21.A.174 Application.

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Presentation by Sofema Online (SOL) www.sofemaonline.com

 Introduction

The purpose of an AOC is to certify that specified commercial air transport operations are authorized by the States Civil Aviation Authority and are in conformance with applicable regulations.  

During the certification process, the CAA is to be satisfied that:

       »  The applicant, who will have the ultimate responsibility for the safety of the operation, is eligible for the issuance of an AOC and
       »  Has the ability and competence both to conduct safe and efficient operations and to comply with applicable regulations. [State CAA]

To be eligible for an AOC an applicant must be certified for operating at least one aircraft that is not wet-leased.